D U 

*M I ^ McEVOY'S ESSENTIALS OF GEOGRAPHY 



AUSTRALIA 

and the 
ISLANDS of the PACIFIC OCEAN 



T. J. McEVOY, Publisher 

6 Third Avenue Brooklyn, N. Y. 



o. 4/ McEVOY'S ESSENTIALS OF GEOGRAPHY 



AUSTRALIA 

and the 

ISLANDS of the PACIFIC OCEAN 

By Thomas J. McEvoy 



Spelling revised according to the decisions of United States 
Geographic Board 



Copyright, 1918, h^ Thomas J. McEvoy^ 



T. J. McEVOY, Publisher 

6 Third Ayenue Brooklyn, N. Y. 






ESSEJNTTIALS OF GEOGEAPHY. 

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©GI.A506295 

OCT 24 1918 



THE TEAOHIISrG OF GEOGKAPHY 

This new book is the standard size approved by libra- 
rians. New editions of other books in this series will 
conform to this type. The change will be approved by 
teachers and pupils, especially by those who are forming 
home libraries. 

This book gives all the information worth knowing in 
classes in which these topics are taught; and, indeed, 
teachers and other adnlts may be satisfied with what is 
given here. Assimilation of related facts leads to con- 
tinuity of thought, and habits of scholarly activity may 
follow if organization and application of ideas are im- 
pressed according to the work in the last three chapters. 
This plan of complete presentation is the new conception 
of the teaching of geography. Stimulate continued effort 
under positive and constructive ideals until the mind holds 
as perceived unity all the geographical knowledge pre- 
scribed for the respective grades. Then the joy of self- 
realization will be true indication of the worth of 
geography properly taught. 



CONTENTS 



Chaptee Topic Page 

I. Treatment as a Whole 1 

II. The Australian Commonwealth 14 

III. The Commerce of Australia 19 

IV. Other Islands of the Pacific Ocean 21 

y. Our Islands in the Pacific Ocean 29 

VI. The East Indies 37 

VII. Information for Pupils 44 

VIII. Questions and Answers 50 

IX. Questions without Answers 66 



AUSTRALIA 

AND 

THE ISLAN"DS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAiN" 

CHAPTEE I 

TREATMENT AS A WHOLE 

1. Names distin-guished. Oceania or Oceanica, is 
the general name for all that portion of the earth embrac- 
ing most of the islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian 
Ocean. Three divisions of Oceania are generally given: 
West Oceania, or Malaisia ; Central Oceania, or Anstralasia, 
or Melanesia; and East Oceania, or Polynesia. 

2. The central group. Australasia includes Aus- 
tralia, Tasmania, New Guinea, New Zealand, New Cale- 
donia, the New Hebrides, the Solomon Islands, New Ire- 
land, New Britain, the Admiralty Islands, the Arru 
Islands, the Fiji Islands, and a few other smaller islands. 
The name Melanesia, "black islands," is applied to the 
whole of Australasia. 

AUSTRALIA 

3. Location". Australia is in the southeastern part 
of the eastern hemisphere; southeast of Asia, east of 
Africa, east of South America, and southeast of North 
America. 



2 AUSTRALIA 

Latitude is 10° to 40° soutli; longitude is 113° to 153° 
east. 

The zones are torrid and south temperate. The Tropic 
of Capricorn divides the country into two nearly equal 
parts. 

The location with reference to other continents may be 
imagined when we state that the distance from New Zea- 
land is 1,000 miles, from Asia 2,000 miles, from Africa 
4,500 miles, and from South America 7,500. Think of 3,000 
miles as the distance from east to west across the United 
States, and then use this measuring unit for comparison. 

4. Boundaries. Australia is the only continent sur- 
rounded by water. On the north: Indian Ocean, Timor 
Sea, Arafura Sea and Torres Strait; on the east: Coral 
Sea, Tasman Sea and Pacific Ocean; on the south: Bass 
Strait and Pacific Ocean; on the west: Indian Ocean. 

5. Size. The largest island in the world and at the 
same time the smallest continent. It is 2,500 miles from 
east to west, and 1,950 miles from north to south; area 
is three million square miles, or nearly the same as Europe 
or United States without Alaska. 

6. Shape or form. Elliptical, with longer dimension 
east to west. Compare with United States. 

Elliptical is from ellipse. What is an ellipse? 

7. Coast line. Nearly 8,000 miles of regular coast 
deeply indented only in the northern shore. Canons break 
the eastern shore, and some spread into estuaries which 
are excellent harbors. The southern and the western coasts 
are uniform, but the northwestern is broken. Verify these 
statements by locating gulfs, bays and sounds. 



GREAT BARRIER REEF 3 

The Great Barrier Reef lying parallel with the north- 
eastern coast is the largest coral formation in the world. 
This reef is a series of coral formations extending 1,200 
miles. Its greatest width of 100 miles is in the south near 
Eockhampton; as it narrows towards the north, it is only 
ten to fifteen miles from coast. At low tide, the surface 
of the reef is above the water, and at other times the reef 
causes violent breakers as the Pacific Ocean dashes against 
the rocks. Between the reef and the mainland is a calm 
sea which may be entered through some of the channels 
in the Great Barrier Reef. Steamers and sailing vessels 
use this inner sea by day, but navigation by night is too 
dangerous on account of many coral reefs. Even Torres 
Strait, which is 100 miles wide between Cape North and 
N'ew Gruinea, is not easily navigated on account of the 
reefs and the sandbanks. 

8. GrULFs AND BAYS. Nortli : Roebuck Bay, Collier 
Bay, Admiralty Gulf, Cambridge Gulf, Port Darwin, Gulf 
of Carpentaria. East: Princess Charlotte Bay, Rocking- 
ham Bay, Broad Sound, Moreton Bay, Bateman Bay. 
South: Encounter Bay, Spencer Gulf, Great Australian 
Bight. West: Geographe Bay, Shark Bay, Exmouth Gulf. 

King George's Sound, about 200 miles east of Cape 
Leeuwin, is a good natural harbor. Port Jackson, the 
harbor of Sydney, is another natural inlet of great beauty 
and usefulness. 

9. Seas. Timor and Arafura Seas on the northern 
coast, Coral and Tasman Seas on the eastern coast. 

10. Straits. Torres Strait, touching the northern 



4 AUSTRALIA 

part of Cape York Peninsula in the northeastern part of 
Australia^ connects Arafura Sea and Coral Sea. 

Bass Strait connects Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean, 
and separates Tasmania from the southeastern part of 
Australia. 

11. Peninsula. Cape York is a projection in north- 
eastern part. It extends northward between Grulf of Car- 
pentaria and Coral Sea. 

12. Capes. Boileau, Leveque, Londonderry and York 
on the northern coast; Upstart, Sandy and Smoky on the 
eastern coast; Howe, southeastern point; Otway, Catas- 
trophe and Arid on the southern coast; Leeuwin and 
Northwest Cape on the western coast. 

13. Islands. See list in the first paragraph of this 
book. The most important islands will be treated sepa- 
rately. 

14. Surface op Australia. Three distinct areas are 
similar to what was observed in Africa: lowlands near 
the coast north, east and west; mountain ranges forming 
divides; interior highlands, some of which may be made 
productive by irrigation. The belt of fertile land near the 
coast varies from 30 to 300 miles in width. In the east 
the Dividing Range stands as a barrier between the coastal 
lands and the great interior plains. This range, known 
as the Australian Alps, runs parallel with the coast from 
the north to the southeastern part of Australia. Some of 
the peaks are 7,000 feet high. The mountains in northern 
and western parts are not so high. The interior plains 
hp-ve many hills and low mountains, but not many rivers. 



DRAINAGE 5 

15. MouN'TAiNS. Australia has highlands but not many- 
distinctive mountains. The Dividing Eange is in some 
places a plateau with smaller mountain ranges running in 
different directions. The only true mountain is the Aus- 
tralian Alps, a portion of the Dividing Eange nearly 400 
miles long. The highest peak is Mt. Townsend, named in 
honor of the surveyor. This peak, a little more than 7,000 
feet high, belongs to a group of elevations in New South 
Wales. 

Dense woods cover the Australian Alps, excepting the 
highest peaks. 

The ranges in the central part are McDonnell, Ashburton 
and Musgrave. 

16. DuAiNAGE. The study of climate and the surface 
explains the peculiar nature of the rivers. The rivers of 
the narrow eastern slope are short and rapid, but they 
are well supplied with water all of the year. West of the 
Dividing Eange the rivers flow west or southwest toward 
the central lands which were once the bed of the ocean, 
and all of the rivers, except the Murray, end in sands or 
swamps, or become part of shallow salt lakes. In the west 
and in the north there are a few large rivers. 

17. EiVEES. The Murray Eiver and its branches form 
the principal river basin of the continent. The area of 
this basin is one-third the size of the Mississippi basin. 

The Murray River rises in the Australian Alps, has its 
course partly in New South Wales and partly in Victoria, 
and enters the sea. In its course it flows through a shal- 
low body of water named Lake Alexandrina and a shallow 
lagoon called Coorong, The tributaries of the Murray are 



6 AUSTRALIA 

the Murrunibidgee and the Darling, each of which has 
feeders from the Australian Alps. These rivers together 
would rank in length with the large rivers of the world, 
since they are more than 1,000 miles in length, but the 
climate causes scarcity of water. The Darling becomes 
simply a chain of small lakes during the summer, but the 
feeders from the mountains sustain the Murray. 

Notwithstanding the effects of climate, this system is 
useful for commerce. Steamers of shallow draft go up 
the Murray to Albury, 1,700 miles from its mouth, the 
place where the railroad from Melbourne to Sydney crosses 
the river. The Murrumbidgee can be navigated sixty miles 
east of Albury, excepting in very dry seasons; and the 
Darling is navigable to Bogan, a point 1,000 miles above 
the place where the Darling flows into the Murray. All 
of this river navigation, though stimulating to inland 
commerce, fails to connect with the sea by direct route, 
because the Coorong is separated from the sea by a bar 
of sand dunes. Transportation by land is required. 

The rivers of the interior of Australia are water courses 
rather than rivers as known in other continents. The 
courses are filled during parts of the year but the water 
is soon lost in the desert sands, evaporated by the sun or 
mingled in the shallow salt lakes. The Diamantma^, which 
enters South Australia from Queensland, illustrates the 
disappearing type; and the Barcoo Eiver, ot Cooper's 
Creek, is the largest feeder for salt lakes. It flows into 
Lake Eyre in South Australia. Other important salt 
lakes fed in this way are Torrens and Gairdner in South 
Australia and Amadeus in West Australia. 

The rivers of the Australian plains serve two purposes 



CLIMATE 7 

— navigation and the watering of sheep and cattle; the 
third use is irrigation, a service likely to produce large 
returns on account of the gradual slope of the land. 

The names of all the rivers need not be learned, but 
several are given to be thought of in connection with 
life in Australia. 

In the north the Victoria's bed is a channel cut 300 
feet into the sandstone, half a mile wide in some places, 
and from 500 to 300 feet deep. It empties into Cambridge 
Gulf by an estuary 20 miles wide and fifty feet deep. 
Prince Eegent, Glenelg and Eoper are important. 

Queensland has Burdekin, Brisbane and Fitzroy Elvers; 
the east coast has H'awkesburg, Hunter, Shoalhaven, Clar- 
ence, Macleay and Manning; Victoria, in southeastern Aus- 
tralia, has Glenelg, Avoca, Hopkins, Goulburn, Loddon, 
Wannon and Wimmera, all small but of much importance 
in irrigation and mining. 

The Swan Eiver is in West Australia. 

18. Lakes. Eyre, Torrens and Gairdner in South 
Australia; Amadeus in West Australia. 

19. Climate. Two zones, torrid and south temperate. 
What inference about climate? Australia is in the belt 
of the southeast trade winds. What conclusions? 

The absence of high moutains in the interior causes 
a lack of rainfall, except along the eastern lowlands. The 
result is desert areas, from which hot winds and dust 
come, but not to the injury of health. In general, the 
climate of Australia is extremely healthful. The tropical 
heat of the northern belt is modified by the rain from the 
monsoons. The eastern belt is fortunately located. 



8 AUSTRALIA 

The ocean winds bearing moisture from the Pacific 
blow against the Dividing Eange, causing condensation 
and copious precipitation. Thus the eastern slopes are 
plentifully watered during all seasons. West of the 
Dividing Eange, the prevailing winds are seawards or 
westerly; and although the tendency of breezes is inland 
during the summer^ the intense heat prevents conden- 
sation. The climate of the interior is, therefore, hot 
and dry. Variations of droughts and floods are causes 
of uncertainty in farming and cattle raising, but irrigation 
is likely to overcome some of the adverse conditions. Parts 
of the south and the southwest have rains in autumn and 
winter. 

The seasons in the tropical belt are rainy in summer 
and dry in winter; in the temperate belt, four seasons. 

The uniformity of climate is remarkable. As the low- 
lands never suffer from severe frost or winter snow, shelter 
does not have to be provided for horses and cattle. Snow 
and ice are found in the higher regions of the southern 
mountains during the winter months of June, July and 
August. 

30. Ocean" cueeents affecting climate. The 
South Equatorial Current flows westward along the entire 
northern coast of Australia. The warm water from this 
current has a noticeable effect on the northern coast. 
What is the result? 

The East Australian Current flows southward along the 
eastern coast. This current coming from the equatorial 
region is warm. Effect on climate? This current, twenty 
to sixty miles from the coast, is an advantage to ships 
going southward, but ships passing through Bass Straight 



VEGETATION 9 

northward keep more than sixty miles from shore to avoid 
the strong movement. 

The West Wind Drift carries a current Irom the Indian 
Ocean and the Pacific Ocean eastward along the southern 
coast. This current coming from the temperate regions is 
cool. Effect on climate? 

The West Australian Current flows northward along 
the western coast. As this current comes from a temperate 
region, it is a cool current. Effect on climate? 

21. Vegetation. Soil and climate produce vegetation 
peculiar to Australia alone. Among the trees are many 
kinds of eucalyptus, or gum trees, some of which are 
larger than the giant trees of California. The gum trees 
are not found in dense forests, but they grow thinly scat- 
tered over large areas. Their roots are very long for 
the purpose of getting moisture from great depths; their 
leaves are narrow and they hold them vertically with only 
the edges toward the sun. Acacias, another species of gum 
tree, are numerous. They, too, adapt themselves to climate 
by having flattened leaf -stalks instead of leaves. Why? 
Evergreen trees are common in sections favored by mois- 
ture, and the tropical ferns, palms and orchids abound. 
Hard woods grow in abundance but building timber has to 
be imported. Jarrah wood paving blocks are exported. 

The forests become thinner as rainfall decreases. The 
arid interior has thickets of bushes or scrub trees v^ith 
foliage to resist evaporation. Many of the growths are 
so dense that penetration is difficult or impossible; and 
in the more arid regions, many of the scrub trees have 
thorns or spines. The spinifex is a dangerous shrub in 
the deserts of central and western Australia. 



10 AUSTRALIA 

The southwestern part of the United States has success- 
fully introduced Australian grasses suited to arid regions. 
An excerpt from page 523 of Ohisholm^s Handbook of 
Commercial Geography has information worth knowing. 

"The native grasses of Australia are numerous and nu- 
tritous, and among these the tall kangaroo grass is notable 
for its power of withstanding long drought. And even 
where the climate is so dry that grasses do not thrive, there 
are certain herbs which will still thrive and yield good 
food for sheep and cattle. The most valuable of all these 
is the salt bush, an ugly grey srrub about two feet high, 
which, as its name indicates, flourishes on a saline soil, 
such as is apt to be found where rain is scare and evapora- 
tion great, but which is all the better for sheep on that 
account, since the sheep are fed on a saline herbage are 
reported to furnish the finest wool, and are free from 
certain diseases to which they are liable in other districts.'^ 

The cultivated vegetation includes wheat, maize, barley, 
the vine, the silk-mulberry, and, in the north, cotton and 
sugar cane. 

22. Animals. Australia has no fierce animals like 
bears, wolves, lions and tigers. Other continents have 
mammals, or animals that nourish their young with milk; 
Australia has marsupials, animals with pouches for carry- 
ing their young. The Latin word marsupium means pouch. 
The kangaroo is the best representative of the marsupials, 
but the opposum is best known in America. 

"The native Australian dog, the dingo, is not a mar- 
supial, but was probably introduced at some remote date 
by man. Eabbits, which have been introduced more re- 
cently, have multiplied to such an extent as to have become 



PEOPLE 11 

a real plague, through the ravages which they commit in 
the pastures. There are no monkeys even in the tropical 
parts of Australia,, but parrots and cockatoos abound, and 
a running bird, the emu, resembling the ostrich of Africa 
and the rhea of South America, scours the plains. Al- 
ligators are found in all the rivers within the tropics." 

Animals from other continents have not migrated to 
Australia on account of the intervening distance. These 
are the principal ones, then, to be associated with Aus- 
tralia: kangaroo, echidna, koala, emu, platypus, lyre bird, 
apteryx, cassowary, black swan, Tasmanian wolf; rabbit 
and dingo by introduction. 

23. 'Minerals. Australia has vast mineral wealth, 
much of which has not been fully developed. First in 
importance is gold, which was discovered in 1851. The 
production since that date is valued at a billion and a half 
dollars. The best mines are in Victoria, but ISFew South 
Wales and Queensland have also yielded a considerable 
amount. Australia possesses also silver, copper, tin, 
lead, zinc, antimony, mercury and plumbago in abund- 
ance, besides coal and iron. Various precious stones are 
found, as garnet, ruby, topaz, sapphire, and even the dia- 
mond. Of building stone there are granite, limestone, 
marble and sandstone. 

34. People. The natives are known as Bushmen. 
Their characteristics and condition of life are given in the 
following excerpt from Volume I of People's Cyclopedia: 

"The natives belong to the Australian negro stock, and 
are sometimes considered the lowest as regards intelligence 
in the whole human family, though this is doubtful. They 



12 AUSTRALIA 

are believed to number about 60,000, exclusive of those in 
the unexplored parts. They are of a dark-brown or black 
color, with jet-black curly, but not wooly hair, of medium 
size, but inferior muscular development. In the settled 
parts of the continent they are inoffensive, and rapidly 
dying out. They have no fixed habitations ; in the summer 
they live almost entirely in the open air, and in the more 
inclement weather they shelter themselves mth bark erec- 
tions of the rudest construction. They have no cultivation 
and no domestic animals. Their food consists of such 
animals as they can kill and no kind of living creature 
seems to be rejected, snakes, lizards, frogs, or even insects 
being eaten, often half raw. They are ignorant of the pot- 
ter's art. In their natural condition they wear little or no 
clothing. I^hey speak a number of different languages or 
dialects. The women are regarded merely as slaves, and 
are frightfully maltreated. They have no religion; they 
practice polygamy, and are said sometimes to resort to 
cannibalism, but only in exceptional circumstances. They 
are occasionally employed by the settlers in light kinds 
of work, and as horse-breakers ; but they dislike continuous 
occupation, and soon give it up. The weapons of all the 
tribes are generally similar, consisting of spears, shields, 
boomerangs, wooden axes, clubs, and stone hatchets. Of 
these the boomerang is the most singular, being an inven- 
tion confined to the Australians." 

The civilized people who are developing the island are 
mainly of British origin, but many Germans are there. 
Chinese and Polynesians from the islands of the Pacific 
are employed as laborers in the tropical regions. 

25. HiSTOEY. Australia was known as New Holland 



STATES 13 

three hundred years ago, but no attempt at colonization 
was made until Captain Cook explored the east coast and 
claimed the land for England. Britain sent her first 
shipload of convicts to Australia, and they arrived in 
Botany Bay, ]N"ew South Wales, early in 1788. The colony 
remained a penal territory until 1839, although the com- 
ing of free settlers increased steadily after 1821. Eapid 
increase followed the discovery of gold in 1851. 

26. Occupations. Ranching and agriculture are the 
leading occupations ; mining is very important, and is likely 
to become greater; manufacturing is developing well in 
various lines, such as woolen mills, flour mills, saw mills, 
tanneries, and machine shops; pearl fishing ^is valuable 
on the north coast. 

27. Exports. Wheat, wool, gold, copper, silver, frozen 
meats, butter, hides, tin, and jarrah wood. 

28. Imports. Manufactured articles, such as clothing, 
cotton goods, woolen goods and linen goods ; articles made 
of iron and other metals, such as cars, machinery and 
agricultural implements; timber for building; oil. 

29. Divisions. 



State 


Capital 


Victoria 


Melbourne 


N'ew South Wales 


Sydney 


Queensland 


Brisbane 


South Australia 


Adelaide 


Western Australia 


Perth 


Tasmania 


Hobart 



The new federal capital of Australia is Canberra in the 
federal district of Yass Canberra, set oS from Kew South 
Wales. 



CHAPTEK II 

THE AUSTRALIAN COMMONWEALTH 

30. Imperial Act of 1900. The Australian Con^mon- 
wealth was constituted under an act of the British Parlia- 
ment in 1900^ and was proclaimed at Sydney, January 1, 
1901. The Commonwealth includes Victoria, New South 
Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, 
and Tasmania. 

31. Government. ^'The constitution dates from the 
Commonwealth Australia Act, 1900, and provides for the 
inclusion of other colonies and British possessions. The 
Senate is composed of 36 members, 6 from each original 
state, chosen directly by the people of each state voting 
as one electoral unit (though Queensland has power to 
divide the state into divisions). Senators hold office for 
six' years, provided there be no dissolution of the. House. 
Immediately after a dissolution, half the number have 
only a three years' tenure. The senators are elected for 
each state every three years. The two Houses have equal 
powers, except that the Senate cannot originate or amend 
bills relating to revenue or taxation. The House of Rep- 
resentatives consists of 75 members elected by popular 
vote for three years. The number of members are to bear, 
as far as practicable, the constant ratio of two to one to 
the Senate. New South Wales has 27 members, Victoria 
21, Queensland 10, South Australia 7, Western Australia 
5, and Tasmania 5. To be eligible a member of either 
House must be 21 years of age, an actual or qualified 

14 



VICTORIA 15 

elector, natural born or at least five years naturalized, and 
a resident of three years within the Commonwealth. The 
Federal Parliament has powers to make laws for taxation, 
trade, bounties, loans, postal service, naval and military 
matters, currency, banking, marriage, divorce, old age pen- 
sions, immigration and emigration, etc. The State Parlia- 
ments, outside these limits, have the same sovereign au- 
thority as before. State governors are Crown nominees, 
and they still communicate directly with the British 
Colonial Ofiice on state business. The Executive Council 
is composed of 7 ministers, whose combined salaries may 
not exceed £12,000 a year. The Governor General re- 
ceives £10,000 per annum. Interstate trade and inter- 
course are free; and there is a uniform tariff for customs 
and excise. The Federal Parliament sits at Melbourne, 
but Canberra in the Federal district of Yass Canberra, 
New South Wales, has been selected as the capital of the 
Commonwealth and, unlike Ottawa, is federal territory in 
no way controlled by state authority.''' 

32. Victoria. The smallest division, situated in the 
southeastern part of Australia. It was a part of New 
South Wales until 1851. Surface is diversified by Aus- 
tralian Alps, slopes and plains. The plains have pasturage 
suitable for horses and cattle. Agriculture is aided by 
an irrigation project which affects a quarter of a million 
acres. The crops are raisin and currant grapes, oranges, 
figs, apricots, peaches, plums, sorghums, tobacco, fibre- 
plants and wheat. Gold was the chief stimulus in the col- 
ony, but the decrease of supply turned many miners to 
farming. Coal is mined. 

Melbourne, the largest city in Australia, is the capital 



16 AUSTRALIA 

of Victoria. It is on the Yarra, a river navigable np to 
the city by vessels of medium size. Ocean steamers may 
enter Hohson^s Bay, the upper part of Port Phillip, on 
which Port Melbourne and Williamstown are situated. 
Large export of wool; imports are manufactured goods. 
Connected by railway system with all the important towns 
of the continent. 

33. N'ew South Wales. The oldest colony, and still 
noted for abundance of gold, copper, iron, coal, silver, 
lead and tin. Agriculture ranks with mining, and large 
returns are made in corn, wheat and wool. 

The capital of I^ew South Wales is Sydne}^, situated 
on the magnificent harbor of Port Jackson. The older 
streets are narrow, but the modern streets are broad and 
beautiful. Steam tramways and ferries give good service 
to all parts of the city and to suburban towns. The en- 
trance from the Pacific Ocean to Port Jackson, four miles 
northeast of Sydney, is a mile wide and strongly fortified. 
The exports are wool, tallow, hides, preserved meats, tin, 
copper and coal; the imports are grain, tea, coffee, sugar, 
wine, spirits, furniture, ironware, machinery, cotton and 
woolen goods. 

34. Queensland. Noted for copper, tin, gold, iron, 
and coal. The surface is mainly tableland 1,000 to 2,000 
feet high. This condition favors agreeable climate. Ex- 
cellent pasture grasses make ranching profitable. Cotton, 
sugar cane, coffee, ginger, arrowroot and fruits are among 
the varied products. 

Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, is 500 miles north 
of Sydney. It is on both sides of the Brisbane Eiver, 
at the head of navigation for large ocean vessels. Rock- 



TASMANIA 17 

liamptoiij on the Fitzroy Eiver, is a rich export center 
for gold, copper, and farm products. 

35. South Australia. This is the principal colony 
for wheat and also for valuable copper mines; wine, olives 
and gold are second in importance. Settlements are mostly 
aronnd Spencer Gnlf and Gulf of St. Vincent, temperate 
regions supplied with rain. Irrigation by artesian wells 
near Lake Eyre is practicable, and other means are used 
in other dry sections. Grasslands are extensive. 

The capital of South Australia is Adelaide on the east 
side of the Gulf of St. Vincent. Seven miles from the 
city is Port Adelaide, where an outer harbor thirty feet 
deep was opened in 1908 to accommodate large ocean ves- 
sels. Adelaide is the mail port f oo" all vessels on the south- 
ern route. Good railroad connections. 

36. Westkbit Australia. Large but not yet well pop- 
ulated. Some desert tracts, but large fertile areas are 
yielding to irrigation. Gold, silver, lead, copper and iron- 
stone are valuable. Extensive pastures, hard timber, and 
pearl fishing are three sources of wealth for settlers. 

Perth, the capital of Western Australia, is on the Swan 
Eiver, twelve miles from Freemantle, its port. Albany 
is on King George's Sound, 260 miles from Perth. 

37. Tasmania. An island separated from southeast- 
ern Australia by Bass Strait. Area a little larger than 
West Virginia. The indented coast has excellent harbors. 
Soil and climate are favorable to agriculture. Wheat, 
barley, oats, potatoes, beans, peas and hops are cultivated. 
Preserving fruits is a leading industry on account of plen- 
tiful yield of plums, grapes, cherries, quinces, mulberries, 



IS AUSTRALIA 

peaches, almonds, apricots and walnuts. Mineral resources 
include gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, coal, slate and lime- 
stone. Smelting works for iron are at Hobart. Exports 
are wool, gold, tin, timber, bark, hides and fruit. 

Hobart, the capital of Tasmania, is noted for its good 
harbor at the southern end of the island.- Launceston is 
the port nearest to Australia. 



CHAPTEE III 
THE COMMERCE OF AUSTRALIA 

38. Articles of commerce. Principal products are 
wool, minerals, cereals, and animal products. The exports 
are wool, minerals, wheat, hides, meat, and butter. The 
imports are machinery, metal manufactures, clothing, 
cotton and woolen goods, and kerosene oil. 

39. Wool. Ranks first in the world in producing wool, 
much of it being merino of excellent quality. Nearly 
ninety million sheep, more than half of them in iSTew South 
Wales. Australia produces one-third of the wool-clip of 
the world. Two-thirds of it goes to Great Britain to be 
manufactured; France, Germany and Belgium secure 
nearly all the rest. The United States gets very little. 

40. Cattle. Ten million on the ranches. The in- 
troduction of cold-storage plants in ships led to heavy 
exporting of meat. Mutton is the heaviest shipment. 
Butter is exported in the same modern way. 

41. Minerals. Gold gives Australia rank next to Af- 
rica and the United States, Copper, silver, lead, tin and 
coal are exported. Coal is shipped to Asia and California. 

42. JFruits. Grapes for wine and raisins are ex- 
tensively cultivated in Victoria and N'ew (South Wales. 
Australian claret is considered as good as California claret. 
Bananas and oranges grow in the tropical regions. See 
products of Tasmania. 

The three important centers of vineyard production are 
around Adelaide and to the northward in south Australia, 



19 



20 AUSTRALIA 

in the semiarid northwestern section of Victoria^ and in 
the upper Murray Eiver Valley. 

43. Cereals. New South Wales ranks first and South 
Australia second. Wheat is grown on the plains between 
the Blue Mountains and the interior desert, along a com- 
paratively narrow belt in which the mean annual rainfall 
ranges from 10 to 25 inches. Other climatic limitations 
of the continent for wheat growing are indicated in the 
absence of the crop from the more tropical portions of 
the Commonwealth and from the moist coastal belt on the 
southeast. Yet more than 50 per cent of the cropped 
land of Australia is in wheat. 

44. Eailroads. All the important coast towns are 
connected with one another, and several lines 300 to 600 
miles long run to the interior places. The total railroad 
mileage is nearly 20,000. The country roads are good, 
and electric railways are excellent. 

45. Commercial cities. Melbourne is the Metropolis. 
Sydney is the principal receiving port. Brisbane, a market 
for wool and coal, has cable connection with British Co- 
lumbia. Perth and Adelaide are ports for steamships by 
way of the Suez Canal. The markets of Tasmania are 
Launceston and Hobart. 



CHAPTEE IV 

OTHER ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN 

46. Principal Groups. 

New Zealand Tonga or Friendly Islands 

Fiji Islands Samoan Islands 

New Guinea Hawaiian Islands 

German Possessions The Philippine Islands 

French Possessions East Indies 

NEW ZEALAND 

47. Location". Southeast of Australia, 1,200 miles dis- 
tant. Longitude, 166° to 178° east; latitude, 34° to 47° 
south. Surrounded by Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean. 

48. Extent and contour. Three islands in the prin- 
cipal groups extending nearly 1,000 miles: North Island, 
South or Middle Island, Stewart Island. Others are Auck- 
land Islands to the south, Chatham to the east, and 
Kermadec to the north. 

The coast line is high and rocky with a few inlets like 
fiords in the southwest. The surface of North Island is 
gently undulating, with a number of volcanic peaks. South 
Island has no volcanoes, but has a ragged range of the 
Southern Alps along the western coast, with magnificent 
scenery. The rivers are small and numerous, but they 
are not good for navigation. Why? Cook Strait 
connects Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean, and separates 
North Island from South Island. Foveau Strait is be- 



21 



22 NEW ZEALAND 

tween South Island and Stewart Island. The bays are 
Hawkes and Plenty. 

49. Occupations. Stock raising, agriculture and min- 
ing. There are thirty million sheep, and more than half 
the exports is wool and frozen mutton. Dairying produces 
annual exports of butter and cheese worth ten million dol- 
lars. The minerals are gold, silver and coal. Gold ranks 
second to wool among the exports. Apples, grapes and 
other fruits are grown. It is said that New Zealand pro- 
duces every English grain, grass, and fruit. The flax, a 
kind of marsh hemp, yields fiber for ropes. The large 
forests have many trees suitable for building houses and 
ships. The kauri pine furnishes the kauri gum of com- 
merce, one of the imports to the United States. Quantities 
of the gum are found in the ground where the kauri pine 
trees used to grow. This fossil kauri makes a varnish 
as good as Japanese lacquer. 

Manufacturing includes boots, shoes, clothing, machinery, 
lumber and flour. The imports are clothing, iron and steel 
goods, beverages and foods. The exports are wool, frozen 
meat, kauri gum (resin), dairy products, gold, hides, horns, 
bones and a native grass fiber. Other industries are meat 
freezing, wool scouring^ tanning, saw and grist milling, 
dairying and manufacturing of clothing, boots and shoes, 
iron and steel. 

The products from the small islands attached to New 
Zealand are copra, pearl shell, fruit, hats, and lime juice. 

50. Cities. Wellington, the capital, is in the southern 
part of ISTorth Island on an inlet from Cook Strait. Port 
I\icholson is its harbor. Auckland, once the capital, is 



FIJI ISLANDS 23 

the largest city in ^ew Zealand. Situated on a peninsula 
of i^orth Island, it is a coaling station for steamers from 
San Francisco to Sydney. In South Island the chief cities 
are Christchurch and Dunedin. Port Chalmers, the port 
of Dunedin, accommoda-tes large ocean steamers. 

51. Social coi^dition. Eedway, the geographer, says, 
"This colony is one of the most prosperous and best ad- 
ministered states in existence/^ The natives, known as 
Maori, are the most intelligent of all the island people. 
The settlers have upheld progressive standards in educa- 
tion, labor legislation, and all other essentials of welfare. 
Eepresentative government is assured under a new consti- 
tution. The sovereign of England appoints a governor 
who is comm_ander-in-chief of the army. The governor 
is assisted in the administration by a ministry of six mem- 
bers. The law-making power is a legislative council and 
a House of Eepresentatives. 

FIJI ISLANDS 

52. A GROUP. More than 200 islands, many of which 
are of volcan'c origin, north of New Zealand in latitude 
16° to 19° south. More than 80 islands inhabitated, but 
only two are large, Yiti Levu or Naviti Levu and Vanua 
Levu or Vuya, The islands were ceded to Great Britain 
in 1874 by the native king. Many of the natives have 
become Christians. 

53. Surface, soil, products. Some of the peaks are 
thousands of feet in height. Luxuriant foliage covers the 
islands and gives them pleasing and picturesque aspect. 
The soil is deep, yellow loam enriched by decayed vege- 



24 NEW GUINEA 

table matter. This natural fertility is aided by plenty of 
water and good climate. The chief crops are bananas, 
cocoamits, maize, sugar cane, yams, tobacco, tea, rice, pea- 
nuts, and pineapples. There are dense forests containing 
many valuable woods. 

The islands have abundance of fruit : nine different kinds 
of bread-fruit, bananas, cocoa, shaddock, papaw apple, 
Tahiti chestnut, and six varieties of yam. The yam, a 
vegetable like the sweet potato, is the chief food of the 
people. Some yams weigh thirty to forty pounds. Sugar 
cane, cotton, tobacco, and turmeric are cultivated. 

The exports are sugar, copra, green fruits, turtle shell, 
pearl shell, and beche de mer. The imports are dry goods, 
machinery, hardware, live stock, breadstuffs, lumber, oils, 
and iron. 

54. Social v^elfaee. The plantation laborers are na- 
tives, Indian coolies, and Polynesians. The progress of 
the natives has been remarkably rapid. All are under con- 
trol of a governor, who is consul-general of the Western 
Pacific. The legislative council consists of six official and 
six unofficial members. 

The capital is Suva, in the southeastern part of Yiti 
Levu. Levuka, formerly the capital, is on a small island 
east of Yiti Levu. 

Forty thousand children attend school. Libraries, hos- 
pitals, and other institutions for welfare are provided. 

NEW GUINEA 

55. The island. Papua or New Guinea is the second 
largest island in the world, Greenland being the largest. 
New Guinea has an area of more than 300,000 square miles. 



NEW GUINEA 26 

or greater than tlie area of Texas. It has been divided by 
treaty among the Netherlands, Germany and Great Britain. 
The western half, as far as 141° east longitude, is under 
control of the Dutch. The eastern half is divided between 
the Germans and the British, Kaiser Wilhelm's Land in 
the north and the British protectorate in the south. 

56. Surface. The coasts are rocky with mountains 
coming close to the sea, but in the neighborhood of Torres 
Strait the shore presents the appearance of a marshy fiat 
covered with dense forests. In the interior there are still 
loftier mountains covered with perpetual snow and also 
volcanoes. In the southeast end Mount Owen Stanley rises 
to the height of 13,205 feet; farther west and near the 
north coast Mount Schopenhauer reaches 20,000 feet. 

57. Climate^ products. Lying within the monsoon 
section, the island receives plenty of rain. Dense forests 
of tropical varieties cover the whole island. The average 
temperature is about 80°. 

British N"ew Guinea has many thousand acres leased to 
planters. The chief crops are cocoanuts, rubber, sisal hemp, 
coffee, Murva fiber, cotton, vanilla, kapok, tapioca, cin- 
namon, tea, and tobacco. There is much valuable forest 
land producing sago palm, sandalwood, cypress, ebony, 
gums, and rattan. Gold and copper are mined. The im- 
ports are foodstuffs, cloth, and hardwood; exports are 
copra, pearl shells, pearls, gold, copper, and trepang. 
Trepang, known also by the French name beche de mer, 
is a kind of sea-cucumber, which is favorite food with 
the Chinese. It is one of the exports to California and 
other places where the Chinese settled. The supply in 
N"ew Guinea is becoming exhausted. 



26 GERMAN POSSESSIONS 

Port Moresby, the British center, has steam comimini- 
cation with several parts of Queensland. 

58. People. The natives are Papuans, dark-skinned 
people with curly hair. They live in villages but they are 
indolent. Their houses are frequently built on stakes or 
piles in rivers or seas. Their food is bananas, yams, co- 
coanuts, and other kinds which require no hard work in 
cultivation. Sugar cane and tobacco are cultivated. 

59. Eelation" to Australia. As I^ew Guinea and 
Tasmania were formerly connected with the mainland of 
Australia, the plants and the animals are like those of 
Australia. New Gruinea has birds with beautiful plumage, 
among which are birds of paradise. The head of the cas- 
sowary, a running bird, has a bony crest brilliantly colored. 

MELANESIA 

60. Meaning of name. Melanesia means islands of 
the blacks. The name is applied to several small islands 
southeast of New Guinea, which islands are inhabited 
by Papuans. 

61. British^, French, German control. The desire 
for colonization is illustrated by the respective interests 
of those three European nations. 

62. Germany controls the Bismarck Archipelago 
north of the eastern end of New Guinea. The Admiralty 
Group, New Britain, and New Ireland or New Pomerania 
or New Mecklenburg are the three principal islands. The 
Solomon Islands, to the southeast, are jointly controlled 
by Germany and Great Britain by agreement made in 1885. 



TONGA ISLANDS 27 

63. France controls New Caledonia and Loyalty 
Islands^ and shares with. Great Britain the control of the 
ISTew Hebrides. The N'ew Hebrides are wooded and hilly. 
Ebony and sandalwood are valuable forest woods; yams, 
bananas^ sweet potatoes and cocoannts are the chief prod- 
ucts. The distinctive animal is a pig not larger than a 
rabbit. 

New Caledonia, 700 miles east of Australia, was taken 
possession of by the French in 1853. The island is used 
as a place of banishment for French convicts and political 
offenders. At present the condemned are nearly 3,000 out 
of a total population of more than 50,000. Noumea^ in 
the southwestern part, is a port of call for the French 
vessels on the way to Australia. 

POLYNESIA 

64. Extent. This name, meaning many islands, ap- 
plies to all the small islands of the Pacific Ocean, except- 
ing those already mentioned. Definite knowledge relating 
to the main groups is more important than the actual 
limit of the name Polynesia. In general, the limits are 
30° each side of the equator, with longitude 135° east to 
135° west. 

65. Tonga oe Friendly Islands. A Polynesian group 
in the Pacific Ocean, a native kingdom controlled by Great 
Britain. The area is small, and only about one-fifth of 
the islands are of any importance. The most fertile island 
is Tonga-tabu, which has about one-half of the total popu- 
lation of the group. The rainfall is heavy, and the land 
area is covered with luxuriant vegetation. The land is 



28 POLYNESIA 

leased^ not sold, and, as its tenure is not assured for any 
length of time, few improvements are made. Imports are 
foodstuffs, cotton goods, and draperies; exports are copra, 
fungi, and native mats and tapa. 

Fiji Islands, in Polynesia, were treated in section 52 
in connection with other British possessions. 



CHAPTER Y 

OUE ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN 
SAMOAN ISLANDS 

66. Location. East of the Fiji Islands; 2,000 miles 
south and 300 miles west of the Hawaiian Islands; 14° 
south of the equator. They are in an almost direct line 
between San Francisco and Australia, and they are slightly 
south of the steamship line by way of Panama Canal to 
the Philippines. Their special value is in their convenience 
as coaling and repair stations on the great highways of 
commerce. The old name, Navigator Islands, suggests 
this advantage of location, but the name is said to have 
been given on account of the skill shown by the natives 
in canoeing. 

67. Contour and products. All the islands are vol- 
canic and mountainous, with luxuriantly fertile coast lands 
and many mountains well wooded. The soil is well watered 
and drained. The staple product is copra; fruit is exten- 
sively cultivated, the production of cacao is increasing, 
and other products are taro, breadfruit, yams, cocoanuts, 
and bananas. The principal export is copra. 

68. Partition. Ia 1889 the governments of United 
States, Great Britain and Germany agreed to divide the 
islands between United States and Germany, to guarantee 
the neutrality of the islands, and to assure equal rights 
of residence, trade, and personal protection. The United 
States received the islands of Tutuila with its excellent 



29 



30 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 

harbor of Pago Pago, Ofu and Tau; Germany received 
Savaii and Upolu with the port of Apia, long noted for 
the export of copra, the dried kernels of the cocoanut. Pago 
Pago, the seat of the United States authority, has a naval 
station and a coaling station. 

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 

69. A Territory of United States. The Hawiian 
Islands, formerly called Sandwich Islands, are a group 
in the Pacific Ocean 2,000 miles from San Francisco, and 
4,000 miles from the Philippines. Area is nearly as large 
as New Jersey; population in 1910 was 191,909; capital 
is Honolulu on the island of Oahu. 

70. Surface. Very mountainous. The mountain 
peaks of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, both 14,000 feet in 
height. Kilauea on the Mauna Loa mountain is the largest 
active volcano in the world. Its oval crater, 9 miles in 
circumference, is 6,000 feet above sea level. On account 
of its insular formation the coast line is extensive, but 
there are few good harbors. Pearl Harbor at Honolulu 
is the only important one. The rivers are few and un- 
important. The soil is very fertile, being formed by the 
disintergration of the volcanic rocks and decay of vegetable 
matter. 

71. Climate. Though the islands are entirely within 
the tropics, the climate is mild on account of being tem- 
pered by the northeast trade winds which blow nine months 
of the year. The rainfall in the mountain region is abun- 
dant, but on the coast slopes rain seldom falls. 



PRODUCTIONS OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 31 

72. Occupations and peoductions. Cattle and sheep 
are raised in large numbers on account of the excellent 
pasturage. The northern moujitain slopes are covered with 
dense forests; sugar cane, Indian corn, conee and wheat 
are cultivated on the plains. Tropical and semi-tropical 
fruits are grown, some of them by means of irrigation. 
Sugar is the chief product. It was cultivated on a small 
scale prior to 1876, when a treaty of commercial reciprocity 
with the United States went into effect. Under the pro- 
visions of this treaty an era of unexpected prosperity set 
in, and the production of sugar, as well as rice, increased 
rapidly. Large, barren tracts of land were brought into 
cultivation by extensive irrigation. Nearly 100,000 acres 
are under cultivation. 

Eice is next in importance. It is cultivated by China- 
men who follow primitive methods. After the ground is 
plowed and harrowed, water is turned on and left until 
the submerged crop ripens. 

"Coffee is cultivated, but not to a large extent, although 
Hawaiian coffee takes a high place among the best coffees 
of the world. The trees are grown anywhere from the sea 
level up to 3,800 feet above the sea. One of the greatest 
difficulties to contend with is insect blight, which is kept 
in check by peculiar parasites and ladybirds that have 
been introduced for each kind of insect. The cultivation 
of tea is carried on with good results, the best quality of 
leaf being obtained on the higher elevations. The high 
price of labor prevents its more extensive cultivation." 

Hemp has been experimented with successfully. The 
expense of cultivation is trifling and the yield per acre 
is about 13^ tons. Ramie, or vegetable silk, is grovm, 



32 HISTORY OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 

but the industry is not developed owing to the lack of 
suitable machinery. 

Alligator pears^ bananas^ limes, oranges and lemons are 
cultivated. The alligator pears grow to a large size, and 
the fruit is of a superior quality. The flesh is of buttery 
consistency, with a nutty flavor that makes a delicious 
dressing for salads. The largest of these is about six 
inches long and weighs upward of three pounds. The 
mango is grown and several varieties are used for making 
chutney. The best varieties were imported from India and 
Jamaica. The mango is an evergreen with small, glossy 
leaves. A gum which exudes from the trunk of the tree 
is used in medicine. It bears fruit several months of the 
year, and it is not unusual to find trees with fruit on one 
side and blossoms on the other. 

Cocoanuts grow without cultivation. The sapodilla, 
soursop pommelo, cherimoya, custard apple, papaw, citron, 
watermelon, granadilla, pomegranate, and tamarind are 
some of the desirable fruits. Vegetables of many varieties 
are raised throughout the year. Pineapples grow wild on 
all the islands. The average weight of the fruit is 8 pounds, 
though the fruits of some varieties have been known to 
reach a weight of 17 pounds. The pineapple season is from 
the middle of the month of May to the middle of August. 
Bananas are raised in great quantities and shipped to the 
LTnited States. 

73. History. "The Hawaiian Islands were discovered 
by the Spaniards under Graetano in 1549, examined by 
Captain Cook in 1778, and during the greater part of the 
19th century formed an independent kingdom, recognized 
as such by the United States, Grreat Britain, France, and 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 33 

other governments. In 1893 the reigning queen, Lilino- 
kalani, was deposed, and a provisional government formed. 
This provisional government resolved itself into a Eepnblic 
in 1894, with two Houses and a President. Several at- 
tempts were made toward the annexation of Hawaii to the 
United States, and on July 7, 1898, the Congress of the 
United States passed a resolution to that effect. On Au- 
giist 12, 1898, Hawaii was formally annexed to the United 
States. The islands, now known as the territory of Hawaii, 
are governed by a governor appointed by the President, and 
for military purposes are attached to the Military Depart- 
ment of California. All whites, natives of Hawaii, and 
persons of African descent who were citizens of Hawaii be- 
fore the annexation, are citizens of the United States. The 
president of the provisional and republic governments and 
also the first governor after annexation was Sanford B. 
Cole.^' 

74. Islands and cities. The inhabited islands are 
Hawaii, Maiii, Oahu, Kani, Molokai, Lanai, and Niihan. 
Honolulu, on the island of Oahu, is the commercial center 
as well as the capital. It is an active port for vessels from 
the principal cities on the Pacific. Eegular steamship serv- 
ice connects Honolulu with China and Japan, and also 
with Vancouver, B. C, Seattle and San Francisco. The 
city has modern schools, churches, business equipment, and 
progressive tendencies. 

Hilo is the chief port. 

Pearl Harbor was deepened to accomodate the largest 
ships, and a naval station was established there. 

75. Commerce. Most of the commerce is with the 



34 THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 

IJnited States. The exports are sugar, rice, coffee, fruit 
and hides. The imports are clothing, cotton textiles, flour, 
meats, lumber and machinery. 

THE PHILIPPIlSrE ISLANDS 

76. An Archipelago. Nearly 2,000 islands; Luzon 
and Mindinao the largest, each equal to New York ; popula- 
tion is nearly nine million. 

This extensive archipelago was first visited by men of 
the white race in 1521. On the 12th of March in that 
year, Magellan, in his attempt to circumnavigate the globe, 
reached the little island of Malkon, near Samar. Fifteen 
days after the discovery, Magellan was killed by the natives 
of the island of Mactan. After his death his followers con- 
tinued their voyage westward and succeeded in sailing 
around the globe. 

In 1898 war was declared against Spain. Commodore 
Dewey attacked a Spanish fleet which was stationed in 
Manila Bay, Philippine Islands, and defeated it. Thus the 
Philippine Islands, which had been held by Spam since 
1521, came under the control of the United States. In 
the settlement of the war, the United States paid Spain 
twenty million dollars for the islands. 

77. Principal islands. Luzon is the largest, has 
40,855 square miles. Its principal city is Manila located 
on Manila Bay, where the Battle of Manila was fought. 

Mindanao, the second in size, has many excellent harbors. 
Samar, Pinay, Negros, Leyte, Masbate, Mindoro, Pinay, 
Cebu, Bohol, Guam. 



RESOURCES OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 35 

78. Surface. The interior is mountainous, with val- 
leys and narrow plains, which broaden toward the coast. 
The drainage is a maze of rivers. It is a splendid agri- 
cultural area, but not yet fully developed. The valleys have 
deep soil enriched by decayed lava and vegetable matter. 
The mountains have heavy forests. 

79. Climate. Tropical. The thermometer registers 
79° to 85° during July and August. Three seasons : tem- 
perate and dry from November to February; hot and dry 
from March to May; temperate and wet from June to Oc- 
tober. 

80. Eesources^ industries and products. Grold on 
Luzon, coal and petroleum on Cebu and Iloilo, and sulphur 
on Leyte. Lead, limestone, granite, and quarts are found. 
Agriculture is the chief industry, and products are 
manila, hemp, sugar, coffee, rice, fruits, tobacco, cacao, 
cocoanuts, indigo. There are wide areas of important 
forests containing valuable cabinet and other woods, 
timber, gums, dyewoods, spice growths, palm, and bam- 
boo, these being under the supervision of the United 
States Forestry Bureau. Cattle, goats and sheep were in- 
troduced from Spain. Domestic pigs and chickens are 
seen everywhere. The carabao, or water buffalo, is the 
beast of burden; large horses are seldom seen, but native 
ponies are numerous. 

The manufactures include cigars and cigarettes, fabrics 
of wool, hemp, cotton, silk and pina fiber worked on hand 
looms. Imports are cottons, rice, meats, dairy products, 
cattle, flour, coal, iron and steel; exports are hemp, copra, 
tobacco, cigars, gums and raisins. 



36 GOVERNMENT OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 

81. People. The native races are the Negritos, the 
Visayas, and several subordinate tribes. In the course of time 
a large Malay population has come in, and also a large num- 
ber of Chinese. Negro slavery was never introduced into 
the islands; hence, the African element is wanting. Most 
of the natives are Eoman Catholics. Many dialects are 
spoken. 

82. Cities. The centers of world interest are Manila, 
on one of the finest harbors in the Pacific Ocean, Lipa, 
Batangas, Banan, Cavite and Iloilo. Manila has railroad 
connection with Dagupan, and steamship connection with 
Seattle, Liverpool, Singapore, Japan, Hongkong and Aus- 
tralia. 

83. Government. In the Philippine Islands the in- 
habitants are not citizens of the United States. The gov- 
ernment provided by the United States Congress consists 
of a governor, together with eight commissioners, four 
Americans, three Filipinos, forming the upper branch of 
the legislature; and an assembly having not fewer than 
fifty nor more than one hundred members chosen by the 
people. The legislature holds annual sessions and elects 
two commissioners who reside at Washington. Education 
is provided under vigorous supervision, the system having 
nearly one thousand American teachers and seven thousand 
Filipino teachers. English is the language in all of the 
schools. 



CHAPTEEVI ' • 

THE EAST INDIES 

83. Malay Aechipelago. The Eastern or Malay 
Archipelago embraces all the islands southeast of Asia, 
excepting those belonging to China and Japan. Reference 
to the map will show the vast extent between the main- 
land of Asia and Australia. The control of the principal 
islands is held by Holland, Great Britain, Portugal, and 
the United States. Dutch control includes the greatest 
number, but study may be limited to Java, Sumatra, 
Celebes, Bali and Moluccas. The chief possessions not 
held by the Dutch are the Philippines, belonging to the 
United States, the British northern part of Borneo, the 
British island of Singapore, and the Portuguese part of 
Timor. 

84. East Indies. This name is sometimes applied 
to the whole archipelago named in section 83, sometimes 
to India or Hindustan, and, with clearer use, to the Dutch 
group comprising Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra, and the 
Moluccas or Spice Islands. Eecall the commercial routes 
in the time of Columbus, the capture of Constantinople 
in 1453, the western routes forced by fear of the Turks, 
and the naming of our eastern islands West Indies to 
distinguish them from East Indies. 

BOENEO 

85. Location. An island larger than Texas and 
named as third in size, Australia and New Guinea pre- 



37 



38 BORNEO 

ceding. Bounded on the east by the Sea of Celebes and 
the Macassaf Strait; south by the Sea of Java; west and 
north by the Gulf of Siam and the China Sea. Its length 
is about 850 miles, with a breadth of 600, and an area 
of about 290,000 square miles. The population is esti- 
mated at more than 2,000,000. 

86. Natural condition's an^d products, British 
Borneo is north of the Madei Mountains; Dutch Borneo 
to the south. The lowlands are malarious and unhealth- 
ful; the north highlands vary from 81° to 91°. N^utmegs, 
cloves, cinnamon, pepper, betel, ginger, rice, millet, sweet 
potatoes, yams, cotton, sugar cane, indigo, tobacco, coffee, 
pineapples, and cocoanuts are cultivated. There are many 
monkeys, among which is the orang-outang. Tapirs, a 
small kind of tiger, small Malay bears, swine, wild oxen 
or banteng, and various kinds of deer abound. The ele- 
phant is found only in the north, and the rhinoceros in 
the northwest. The few domesticated animals are buffaloes, 
sheep, goats, dogs, cats^ and a few horses. Among the 
birds are eagles, vultures, argus pheasants, peacocks, 
flamingoes, pigeons, parrots, and also the swifts, which 
construct the edible nests prized by the Chinese for mak- 
ing soup. Elvers, lakes, and lagoons swarm with croco- 
diles, and many kinds of snakes, frogs, lizards, and leeches. 
Fish is plentiful, and the coasts are rich in tortoises, pearl 
mussels, oysters, and trepang. Brilliant butterflies and 
moths are in great variety. The mineral products include 
coal, gold, and copper, antimony, iron, tin, platinum, 
nickel, diamonds and other precious stones, rock crystals, 
porcelain clay, petroleum, and sulphur. The principal 
exports are gold, gold dust, diamonds, coal, rattans, gutta 



CELEBES 39 

percha, edible nests, cotton, wax, timber, dye woods, mats, 
resins, sandalwood and camphor; the imports are earthen- 
ware, iron, steel, and copper work, piece goods, yarns, 
woolen and silk fabrics, medicines, provisions, wines, 
spirits, rice, sugar, tea, tobacco, opium, trepang, gambir, 
gunpowder. 

87. People. The population consists of three classes, 
the D^aks or Dayaks, who are the aboriginal heathen in- 
habitants, and constitute the great bulk of the population, 
the Mohammedans or Malays; and the Chinese. The Dyaks 
live chiefly in the interior, and employ themselves with 
tillage and the collecting of gutta percha, resin, gums, 
rattans, gold dust, and wax. They are divided into nu- 
merous tribes. The Malays, traders and sailors, dwell on 
the coasts. They are more civilized than the Dyaks, cul- 
tivate the grounds around their houses, lay out gardens, 
keep cattle, and live partly by fishing. The Chinese, 
chiefly from Canton, have penetrated far into the interior. 

88. Cities. Sandakan in British Borneo in the north ; 
Pontianak, Sambas and Sintang in Dutch Borneo. 

CELEBES 

89. Celebes is east of Borneo. The island has four 
large peninsulas separated by deep gulfs. The climate is 
extremely healthful, and the soil is a bed of rich mould 
ten to fifteen feet deep. The exports are coffee, rice, sugar 
cane, sago, cotton, and bird skins. Gold, copper, tin and 
diamonds are found in limited quantities. The people 
are Mohammedans. Macassar is the capital. 



40 JAVA 



JAVA 



90. Commercial island. The most important of the 
Dutch group. Very fertile and prosperous, although its 
forty-three active volcanoes are the largest number on any 
equal area in the world. 

"Java possesses a soil of astonishing fertility and a 
vegetation unrivalled in its luxuriance, ranging from the 
palms of the tropics to the mosses of the temperate zone. 
The coast is fringed with cocoanut-trees ; behind them the 
ground rises gently to the foot of the mountain chain, and 
is completely cultivated. Javanese villages of bamboo 
houses, surrounded with hedges of fruit trees and bamboo, 
contrast agreeably with the vast fields of rice, artificially 
watered, and yielding often three harvests annually. Higher 
up than the rice fields the bases of the mountains are 
covered with vast forests of different species of the fig tree, 
remarkable for their great height and vigorous growth. 
About 5,000 feet above the sea may be seen Padocarpus 
cupressus, with its lofty, straight stem, a tree allied to the 
yew, and furnishing the best timber in Java; the Dammar 
pine, rhododendrons, and the Dipteris or two-leaved fern. 
Laurels of numerous species, chestnuts, oaks, melastomas, 
eugenias, magnolias, myrtles, numerous orchids, etc., 
grow still higher up the mountains. At an elevation of 
about 7,000 feet the vegetation changes its aspects, and 
mosses appear, which, with heaths, are the principal plants 
found on the loftier heights. Some plants grow vigor- 
ously on the brink of craters emitting sulphurous vapors, 
and ferns cover the edges of gulfs filled with boiling mud, 
and form a border of sulphurous marshes, their roots 
growing in the acid waters. The famed poison-tree, the 



JAVA 41 

Upas, is a noted Javanese plant. Forests of teak cover a 
very extensive surface in thirteen of the provinces. 

"Kice forms the staple food of the natives, and is raised 
in astonishing quantities. Coffee raised from Mocha seed 
is extensively cultivated, and, with sugar, forms one of the 
staples of the island, its export greatly exceeding even 
that of rice. Cotton of two kinds is grown, and consider- 
able quantities are exported; and the cultivation of indigo, 
nutmegs, cloves, cinnamon, cochineal, pepper, pimento, 
tobacco, tea, and cocoanuts is carried on with success. The 
population is almost wholly agricultural; beyond a few 
large towns, it is distributed over the island in villages, 
each governed by a native chief of its own selection. Each 
family has its own portion of land, varying from half 
an acre to six acres. About a third of the cultivated 
ground is supposed to be thus occupied. 

"The great bulk of the foreign trade is carried on 
through the ports of Batavia, Samarang, and Soerabaya, 
and is chiefly in the hands of the Dutch and Chinese. 

"Public improvements in Java have lately been much 
extended. A good road traverses the island in its entire 
length; many forts have been constructed in the interior, 
and commercial stations planted in the southern part of 
the island. Eegular steam communication is kept up 
with the leading eastern ports. About 210 miles of rail- 
way are in operation. Perfect religious toleration exists.^^ 

Batavia, in the northwestern part, is the capital of 
Dutch East Indies. Six miles away is a new harbor thirty 
feet deep. On the hillside south of Batavia is Binten- 
zorg, the sanitarium for Europeans, and the seat of the 
palace of the Governor- General. 



42 SUMATRA 

SUMATRA 

91. Tobacco. An island as large as California. Noted 
for excellent tobacco which is used for covering cigars. 
Rice, coSee and pepper are other products. The exports 
are tobacco, coffee, spices, bamboo, gutta-percha, copra, 
gold dust and tin. Most of the people are Malays. The 
natives produce exceedingly clever gold and silver filagree 
work, also native fabrics and household utensils. Principal 
cities, Padang, Achin, Delhi, Benkulen^ and Palembang. 

92. The vi^ooDS or java and sumatka. "In the woods 
of Sumatra and Java most of the trees exceed 100 feet 
in height. But the density of the vegetation is still more 
astonishing than the vigor of individual plants. In the 
struggle for space and air, plants of different kinds be- 
come piled one over the other. Teak, mango, fig, musa, 
sandal, ebony and other great trees are mingled with palms 
of endless variety and gigantic forms; while climbing 
plants^ frequently canes, interwoven from tree to tree, 
bind the whole together and render the forest utterly 
impenetrable. The tendency to climb characterises the 
vegetation of the Archipelago. Stems a foot or more in 
diameter, and belonging to species which elsewhere grow 
without support, here twine themselves round the giants 
of the forests. The inexhaustive supply of great timber 
afforded by these woods is to the natives of far less 
importance than the cocoanut, the bamboo, and numerous 
slender palms which adorn the coasts.^' 

MOLUCCAS OR SPICE ISLANDS 

93. Spices. Noted for cloves and nutmegs. Cotton, 
sugar cane, coffee and pepper are cultivated. From the 



MOLUCCAS OR SPICE ISLANDS 43 

pith of the sago-pabn a kind of bread is made for the 
chief food of the poor people. The minerals are sulphur 
and petroleum, porcelain, clays, tin, and coal. The ex- 
ports to Europe are cloves, nutmegs, mace and sago; to 
China, trepang and edible birds' nests. 
Ambo}ma is the capital. 



CHAPTEE VII 

INFORMATION, FOR PUPILS 

94. Ceeek. The term creek is used in United States 
and Australia to designate a small stream of water or a 
small river. 

95. AusTKALiAN COMMEECE. The chief exports are 
wool, gold and grain; the chief imports are manufactured 
articles, such as cotton goods, woolen goods, linen goods, 
clothing, iron, and products made of iron or other metals. 
What Australia needs, therefore, is factories. Would it 
be good business for Australia to manufacture her own 
wool instead of selling it? 

96. Bananas. The banana plant has a stem made by 
the uniting of leaves as they grow. The leaves are four 
to seven feet long. The banana grows everywhere within 
the tropical region. It begins to yield fruit soon after 
being planted, and continues yielding an average of a 
hundred pounds a year without any cultivation. 

97. Yam. The yam is a climbing plant with tubers 
or underground stems from twelve to twenty inches long 
and four to six inches thick. The tubers are coarser and 
not so good as the sweet potato. The raw tubers are in- 
jurious, but they are nourishing food when roasted or 
boiled. 

98. Taro. a species of tree fern cultivated for its 
tubers and leaves for food. The roots are cut into pieces 



44 



INFORMATION FOR PUPILS 45 

and stacked in the air to cure. This process of curing 
requires nearly a year. Then the roots are roasted and 
crushed. The crushing separates the flour from the w^oody 
fibers. In Hawaii the whole stem of a tree fern is often 
baked by the steam from volcanoes. Such baked stems are 
seasoned with salt and eaten. 

99. Akrow-root is derived from various sources. That 
which is distinguished as the true arrow-root is obtained 
from the rhizome of Maranta, a native of tropical Amer- 
ica, but now cultivated also in the Old World. This arrow- 
root is chiefly obtained from Jamaica and the Bermudas. 
Other kinds are derived from India and elsewhere. 

100. Tapioca is derived from the long tubers of the 
manioc plant, a native of Brazil, but now largely cultivated 
elsewhere in the tropics of the Old World as well as the 
ISTew. The tubers, before being subjected to heat and 
pressure, are highly poisonous, but the meal, a granular 
substance derived from them, and known as tapioca, or 
cassava, according as its results from slightly different 
modes of treatment, is wholesome and nutritious. This 
meal forms a staple article of food among the people of 
Brazil, but it is imported chiefly from the West Indies, 
and from the East Indies by way of Singapore. 

101. Sago is obtained from the pith of palms which 
are cultivated in tropical countries, including Borneo, 
whence it is imported by way of Singapore in sacks m.ade 
out of the leaves of the palm itself. So easy is the culti- 
vation of the palm, and so simple the mode of preparing 
the sago from the pith, that ten days^ labor is estimated 
to suffice for the obaining of enough food from this tree 



46 INFORMATION FOR PUPILS 

to last a man for a year. A single family is able to attend 
to a plantation containing 400 trees. West Indian sago 
is the produce of cycads. 

102. Apteryx, a bird with feathers that look like hair. 
It is about the size of a hen. It is a running bird, not a 
flying bird. Home is ISTew Zealand. 

103. Echidna, or porcupine anteater, is a mammal 
somewhat larger than a hedgehog. It has quills mixed 
with hair for a covering, a broad bill like a duck, but no 
teeth. It is nocturnal in its habits. It lives in burrows, 
as a woodchuck lives. It lays eggs but does not sit on 
them. The eggs are hatched in a warm pouch, and the 
young remain in the pouch until they are strong. 

104. Emu is a bird without wings. It is a powerful 
and fleet running bird related to the ostrich. Its plumage 
is long and hairlike. The emu is hunted for the oil in 
its skin. 

105. Coral. "Coral is the name given to the skeleton 
of a whole group of marine animals; but the red or pink 
coral is the only one of great value in commerce, its value 
being due to its use in the making of trinkets and other 
ornaments. The coral industry is specially an Italian one, 
and its chief seat is Torre del Creco, at the base of Mount 
Vesuvius, in the Bay of Naples. Formerly the chief sup- 
plies of coral were obtained by diving in the Bay of Naples, 
as many as five hundred boats having often set out from 
Torre del Creco to carry on this fishery. The coral banks 
both in this bay and in the south of Sardinia, which are 
also within easy reach of the Torre del Creco fishermen, 
are being rapidly exhausted, and the fishermen are hence 



INFORMATION FOR PUPILS 47 

deserting them for those on the coasts of Algeria, Tunis, 
and Tripoli, which are now more profitable. Coral is also 
obtained on the coast of Catalonia, round the Cape Verde 
Islands, in the Adriatic, especially on the east coast, and 
in other places. Besides the product of its own fisheries, 
Italy imports large quantities of unworked coral and ex- 
ports not only coral ornaments, but also the raw material 
in a partially worked condition. A considerable quantity 
of coral is exported directly or indirectly to China, where 
it is used in the official dress of the mandarins.'^ 

106. Pearls. "Pearls and mother-of-pearl are derived 
from various shells, especially of the oyster family, be- 
longing principally to tropical seas. The mother is the 
internal part of the shell, and pearls are secretions of the 
same kind of matter round some small parasite or particle 
of inanimate foreign matter which acts as an irritant. 
Among the most noted pearl fishery banks are those in 
the Persian Gulf, in the Gulf of Manaf (Ceylon), in the 
Sulu Archipelago, in the neighborhood of the Moluccas and 
the Aru Islands, in Torres Strait, and on the northwest 
coast of Australia, at Tahiti, and in the Gulf of California. 
Pearls are also obtained from various river shells, which 
are met with in many European rivers, including some of 
those of Scotland and the north of Ireland." 

107. Horns and hoofs, which are principally employed 
in the making of combs, buttons and knife-handles, are 
most largely imported from the British East Indies. 

108. "Gutta-percha is the hardened juice of several 
other tropical trees, but the chief supply in this case 
comes from the East Indies, especially the Malay Penin- 



48 INFORMATION FOR PUPILS 

sula and the Dutch East Indies, Singapore being the chief 
place of export to Europe. The tree that yields the bulk 
of the supply is known to botanists as Dichopsis Gutta. 
Another kind is derived from another member of the same 
botanical family, a native of Guiana. Gutta-percha is used 
for many of the same purposes as caoutchouc, and is capa- 
ble in many respects of similar treatment. Mixed with 
carbon, it can be readily vulcanised like caoutchouc, by 
the addition of sulphur, either to the soft or hard state. 
It is very largely employed in the making of telegraph 
cables as an insulator. At present the tree is mostly de- 
stroyed to obtain the Juice, but this is not necessary. It 
may be tapped and preserved like rubber trees, and begin- 
nings have been made with systematic planting in the 
Malay Peninsula, British North Borneo, and elsewhere.'^ 

109. Merino sheep were introduced into Australia 
about the close of the eighteenth century, and care has 
been taken to propagate them. They have thriven admir- 
ably, and certain parts of Victoria and New South Wales 
now produce a wool unequalled for softness and lustre, 
and at the same time, unlike the original merino, very 
long in staple. This wool now commands the highest price 
in the London market. As the merino sheep, however, 
yields very poor mutton, the growth of the trade in frozen 
mutton has led to the raising of increasing numbers of 
sheep crossed with English breeds, yielding better mutton, 
and producing a different variety of wool. — Chisholm, page 
206. 

110. Manila hemp. Next in importance to jute 
among tropical fibres in European commerce is Manila 
hemp, so called from the chief place of export. It is 



INFORMATION FOR PUPILS 49 

obtained from the long leaves of Musa textilis, a tree be- 
longing to the same genus as the banana and plantain, 
found wild on the Moluccas and Philippine Islands, and 
cultivated chiefly on the latter. The fibre is from six to 
nine feet in length, and, being separated from the leaf 
entirely by the ill-paid hand-labor of the natives, is very 
cheap; and since, though more difficult to work and more 
brittle than hemp fibre, it is capable of being made into 
ropes of great tenacity and endurance, it is very largely 
exported for the purpose. Great Britain alone annually 
received this product direct from the Philippines to the 
value of more than $500,000. A large amount is also 
imported by way of HongKong and Singapore. The finer 
fibres are woven by the natives of the Philippine Islands 
into delicate tissues, and in Europe they are likewise used 
(often in combination with silk) in making curtains, 
coverings and furniture, and other fabrics. — Handbook of 
Commercial Geography, by Chisholm, page 317. 



CHAPTER VIII 

QUESTIOISrS AND ANSWERS 
AUSTRALIA 

111. What waters bound Australia? 

Answer. Australia is bounded on the north by Indian 
Ocean, Timor Sea, Arafura Sea and Torres Strait; on the 
east by Coral Sea, Pacific Ocean and Tasman Sea; on the 
south by Pacific and Indian Oceans; on the west by the 
Indian Ocean. 

112. By what routes may one travel from New York 
to Sydney? 

Answer. One may go easterly across the Atlantic Ocean, 
through the Mediterranean and Red Seas, then in a south- 
erly direction across the Indian Ocean, and, after passing 
along the southern and southeastern coasts of Australia 
through the Indian and Pacific Oceans, reach Sydney; or 
by sailing in a southeasterly direction across the Atlantic 
Ocean, around the Cape of Cood Hope, then almost di- 
rectly east across the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and then 
northeast for a short distance, one may arrive at the port 
of Sydney, the largest and oldest city of Australia. 

113. Why are the good harbors found only in the 
southeastern part? 

Answer. As the coast of Australia is very regular, there 
are no good harbors foi" many miles. Owing to the sink- 

50 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 51 

ing of the land in the southeastern part, several excellent 
harbors have been formed. 

114. What is the latitude of the northern part of Aus- 
tralia? Of the southern part? What, then, do you infer 
about the temperature of the continent? 

Answer. Australia extends from 10° to 40° south lati- 
tude. The temperature varies with latitude and elevation 
but the climate has one general characteristic — it is warm 
and dry. Eain falls on the coast districts, mountains and 
table lands, but there is lack of water in the interior, 
where there is sometimes no rain for a year. 

The northern part is tropical with two seasons, the wet 
and the dry. The central plain is a hot desert. The south- 
ern part, which is as far south of the equator as our North 
Central States are north of the equator, has a temperate 
climate, cooler in summer and warmer in winter than our 
states. The climate is healthful and highly favorable to 
physical and mental vigor. 

115. How do the southeast trade winds affect the rain- 
fall of Australia? 

Answer. The southeast trade winds laden with moisture 
deposit copious rainfall on the eastern coast and on the 
seaward side of the eastern highlands. After crossing the 
mountains, these winds are devoid of moisture, and for 
this reason the interior and much of the greater part of 
the continent are arid or desert. 

116. How does the rainfall affect the distribution of 
the population? 

Answer. People have settled where the rainfall is abun- 
dant, principally along the coast. The eastern and the 



52 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

southeastern parts are the best populated sections. 

117. Why is there so little known of the interior of 
Australia ? 

Afiswer. There has been little exploration of the in- 
terior of this continent partly because of the desert and 
partly because of the lack of navigable rivers. Many of 
the streams end in salt lakes, dwindle into a chain of pools, 
or evaporate entirely in the dry climate. 

118. Why have no large cities grown up along the 
banks of the Murray Eiver, as along our Mississippi? 

Answer. The Murray River is navigable only at times 
and then not throughout its length. A large sand bar at 
the mouth of this river prevents free navigation. 

119. What is the porcupine grass? What are the salt 
bushes ? 

Answer. The porcupine grass is hard, wiry, and so 
spiny that passage through it is extremely diffcult. 

The salt bushes are, as the name indicates, bushes whose 
leaves taste of salt. They afford valuable forage for cattle, 
and for that reason they have been introduced into the 
southwestern part of the United States. 

120. How does the foliage of the Eucalyptus resist 
evaporation? Of the Acacia? 

Answer. The leaves of the Eucalyptus or gum tree are 
leathery and of firm texture. They grow vertically, turn- 
ing only their edges to the sun's rays, and thus they avoid 
being dried up by the heat. 

The leaves of the Acacia and of many other plants of 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 53 

Australia have slirimk to thorus and are so hard that they 
resist the drying heat of the sun. 

121. Describe the aniinal life of Australia. 

Answer. Australia is the land of marsupials or pouch- 
bearing animals. They carry their young in a pouch. 
With the exception of the native dog and some mice and 
rats, all the four-footed animals of Australia are marsupial. 
Among these are the wombats which weigh about a hun- 
dred pounds, and whose flesh is food ; the flying opossums, 
which by means of membranes stretched between the arms 
and legs are able to fly from branch to branch; and the 
kangaroos, which are valuable for their skin from which 
an expensive leather is manufactured. 

There are two animals which are peculiar to Australia 
and which resemble birds in that they produce their young 
from eggs, the Echidna and the Platypus or Ornithorhyn- 
chus. 

The birds are also peculiar, and among them may be 
mentioned the emu, the lyre-bird, and the mound-building 
birds, generally known as brush- turkeys. Then there is 
the laughing kooka-burra, a kingfisher, which utters a 
loud cry resembling idiotic laughter; the Australian eagle 
which makes great havoc among lambs; and many bril- 
liantly colored birds. 

In the seas are reptiles varying in size from thirty feet 
to one inch in length. Lizards are numerous, and there 
are many species. 

Among the curiosities of insect life are the "walking- 
leaF^ and the "walking-stick.'^ The one so exactly re- 
sembles the leaf of a tree that it is difficult to detect the 



54 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

difference, and the other resembles dry twigs of various 
sizes. 

122. Why are the animals so different from animals 
in other parts of the world ? 

Answer. Australia is the only continent entirely sur- 
rounded by water, and is remote from the other continents. 
For this reason, animals from other places have been un- 
able to migrate to Australia. 

123. What effect did the discovery of gold have upon 
the development of Australian industries? Compare with 
the western part of the United States in this particular. 

Answer. The discovery of gold in 1851 caused many 
thousands to migrate to Australia. As the vast number 
of people needed supplies, there was a demand for farm 
products. Many of the settlers turned their attention to 
farming and grazing with marked success. 

The discovery of gold in California was attended by 
circumstances almost parallel. The gold-seekers needed 
food, and the demand was supplied by some thrifty settlers. 
Soon agriculture and grazing became very profitable oc- 
cupations. 

124. In which industry does the greatest wealth of 
Australia lie? How is it carried on? 

Answers. The greatest wealth of Australia lies in her 
flocks of sheep. Climate and vegetation are such that wool 
of the finest quality in the world is sheared from the 
merino sheep. 

In the early days of the sheep-raising industry, the 
sheep were allowed to roam over the unfenced government 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 55 

lands, as in western United States, but now the land is 
fenced and divided into ranches or runs. 

125. Where is farming the chief occupation? 
Answer, Farming is carried on where the rainfall is 

sufficient and wherever irrigation is possible. While ^ew 
South Wales and Victoria excel in agriculture, Queensland 
has many natural conditions which are very favorable. 
South Australia and Western Australia are developing on 
account of irrigation and railroad communication. 

126. What are the chief farm products? 

Answer. The farm products are as varied as the cli- 
mate. In the south, oats, hai'dy grains and fruits of tem- 
perate lands are grown. Further north are large sugar 
plantations, and along the northern coasts oranges and 
tropical products are cultivated. 

127. What important metals are found in Australia? 
Answer. The most important metal is gold, found first 

in the alluvial deposits from slaty rocks, but later in the 
veins in the mountain rocks. Australia ranks among gold 
producing nations. Other metals found here are copper, 
silver and tin. Coal, iron, and limestone are found in 
Kew South Wales. 

128. Describe the native Australian. 

Answer. The native Australians are of medium stature, 
robust, and built more for activity than great strength. 
They are of a dark brown color, with large heads, broad 
projecting foreheads, and piercing dark eyes. 

Because of the lack of food-producing plants native to 
this continent, the Australian was compelled to live chiefly 



56 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

upon animal food, which was eaten partly raw; hence the 
art of making even rude cooking utensils was unknown 
among them. Because the climate was mild, and because 
he was obliged to move from place to place to gain a sup- 
ply of animal food, the construction of his dwelling did 
not tax his ingenuity; a single strip of bark often sufficed 
for shelter. Neither was there native domestic animals 
fit for food. Consequently, the native Australian's ad- 
vancement in civilization was hindered by circumstances. 

129. What use did England make of Australia for a 
time? 

Answer. For fifty years England used Australia as a 
place for exile for offenders and criminals. 

130. What is meant by the Commonwealth of Australia? 
Answer. The Commonwealth of Australia, the name 

given to the united colonies of Australia, was established 
in 1901. The commonwealth has a government similar 
to the government of Canada, and is independent of Eng- 
land in all matters except those which concern the British 
Empire. 

131. Locate Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide. 

Answer. Melbourne, the second city in size, is situated 
in the southern part of Victoria on the shores of Port 
Phillip, a beautiful harbor. 

Sydney, the oldest city in Australia, is situated in the 
eastern part of New South Wales. Its Domains and Bo- 
tanical Gardens are renowned for their beauty. It is 
situated on Port Jackson, a harbor unsurpassed by any 
other in the world. 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 57 

Adelaide is in the southeastern part of South Australia, 
of which it is the capital. 

NEW ZEALAND 

132. In what direction from Australia is New Zealand? 
Ansiuer. New Zealand is southeast of Australia. 

133. To which of our states is New Zealand nearly 
equal in size? 

Answer. New Zealand is a little larger than the state 
of Colorado. The general form of the country resembles 
the boot-shaped peninsula of Italy. 

134. Describe the surface and formation of the two 
large islands. 

Answer. Both islands are of volcanic origin. In North 
Island volcanic forces are still in operation, and the evi- 
dences of their presence are shown in the active volcanoes, 
and in the boiling and sulphurous springs. Earthquakes 
also occur. In South Island the traces of volcanic action 
are not absent, but are not so recent. There are glaciers 
among the mountains, and the springs are cold, as their 
waters are the melted ice of glaciers. The surface is 
greatly diversified, made up of mountains, tablelands, and 
valleys. 

135. Tell what effect the presence of water on all sides 
has upon the temperature. 

Answer. The presence of water on all sides of the 
islands causes the summers to be cooler and the winters 
to be warmer than they would be otherwise. 



58 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

136. What are the important industries? 

Answer. Farming, ranching, mining and manufactur- 
ing are the leading industries. Commerce with Great 
Britain is the result of these and other industries. 

137. Describe the governnment. 

Answer. The government has been established by the 
English people who have settled here. It is similar to 
that of Australia, and is considered one of the best gov- 
ernments in the world. Many of the Maoris, the native 
people, are civilized and are allowed representation in the 
legislature. 

The four larger cities are Auckland and Wellington 
of IN^orth Island, Dunedin and Christchurch of South 
Island. 

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 

138. Locate the Hawaiian Islands. 

Answer. The Hawaiian Islands are southwest of San 
Francisco in the Pacific Ocean, nearly one-third of the 
distance from our western coast to the Philippine Islands. 

139. What is the nature of the surface? 

Answer. The islands are volcanic in origin and they 
still have active volcanoes. The islands are considered a 
submerged mountain chain. 

140. Describe the climate. 

Answer. The climate is warm all the year, the ther- 
mometer varying only a few degrees. There is abundance 
of rain in the northeast, but the southwestern parts are 
drier and in some places almost desert. 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 59 

141. State leading facts in regard to the people and 
the industries. 

Answer. 'The native Malays are intelligent like those 
of the Philippines. The foreign population consists of 
Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, and Americans. The peo- 
ple are engaged in raising sugar, coffee, rice, and tropical 
fruits. 

14.2. Why are these islands of special importance to 
the United States? 

Answer. These islands have been under our control 
since 1898. Large quantities of coal are stored so that 
our ships on their way to the east may stop for a supply, 
or make necessary repairs. 

143. Locate Honolulu and Hilo. 

Answer. Honolulu is in the southeastern part of the 
Island of Oahu. Hilo is in the northeastern part of the 
island of Hawaii. 

144. For what is the island of Molokai well known ? 

Answer. Molokai, which is thirty miles slightly south- 
east of Oahu, has a leper settlement at Kalawao. There 
Father Damien, whose early home was in Louvain, Bel- 
gium, made every sacrifice to improve the condition of 
those poor, unfortunate people. His efforts were most suc- 
cessful, but his life was the price as he, too, became a 
leper. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 

145. How did the United States get possession of the 
Philippines ? • 



60 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

Ansiver. During the Spanish- American War, Admiral 
Dewey took possession of the Philippine Islands for the 
United States. At the close of the war the United States 
paid Spain $20,000,000 for them. 

146. Describe the climate. 

Ansiver. The climate is tropical, always warm, and 
sometimes the heat is excessive, especially in the regions 
remote from the ocean. There are two seasons, the wet 
occurring in the summer and the dry in the winter. As 
the climate is damp, the houses of the inhabitants are 
elevated for the sake of health. 

147. State the chief facts about the inhabitants. 
Answer. The islands are inhabited by the Negritos, a 

race of small, dark-skinned savages. They are decendants 
from the natives. Others are Malays, Chinese, Spaniards, 
and Americans. 

148. Why are the natives unprogressive ? 

Answer. As the warm, damp climate is very oppressive, 
it is unfavorable to activity. Cocoanuts and bananas are 
obtained without effort, and other food plants are raised 
so easily that the natives do not exert themselves. 

149. What is the best known export of these islands? 
Ftom what is it made and how is it used? 

Answer. Hemp is the best known export. It is made 
from the fiber of the wild plantain and is used principally 
for making rope. 

150. How would you go from Batavia to Manila? 
Answer. From Batavia, which is in the northwestern 

part of the island of Java, one would sail in a northeasterly 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 61 

direction through Java Sea, South China Sea, and Manila 
Bay to Manila, which is in the southern part of the island 
of Luzon. 

THE EAST INDIES 

151. Locate the East Indies with reference to Australia 
and Asia. 

Afiswer. The East Indies lie between Asia and Aus- 
tralia. 

152. What is the formation of these islands? 
Ansirer. The large islands are mountainous, and are 

of volcanic origin. The smaller islands are of coral forma- 
tion, and many of them are but slightly raised above the 
ocean. 

153. Name the five large islands and compare the size 
of each with some state or states of the United States. 

Anstver. The largest islands of the East Indies are: 
Sumatra, which is somewhat larger than California; Java, 
which has a greater area than New York; Borneo, which 
is larger than the New England and Middle Atlantic States 
together; New Guinea, which is larger than Texas; and 
Celebes, which has greater area than North Dakota. 

154. What nations control these islands? 

Answer. Sumatra, Java, the Celebes, and part of 
Borneo and New Guinea are Dutch colonies. The remain- 
ing part of Borneo is controlled by Great Britain. Great 
Britain controls also that part of New Guinea which lies 
nearest to Australia. Germany controls a part of New 
Guinea. Timor is controlled by New Netherlands in the 
south, and by Portugal in the north. 



62 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

155. What are the principal products exported from 
these islands? 

Anstuer. The principal exports are valuable woods, 
gnms, rubber, camphor, rice, sugar, coffee and spices. 

156. Locate Batavia. 

Answer. Batavia is in the northwestern part of the 
island of Java on Java Sea. It is the center of the Dutch 
colonial government. 

SMALLER ISLAND GROUPS 

157. Where are the Samoan Islands? 

Answer. The Samoan Islands are southwest of the 
Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean. 

158. Which important one belongs to the United 
States ? Of what value is it to us ? 

Answer. Tutuila is owned by the United States and is 
valuable to us as a coaling station. 

159. Locate Guam. 

Ansiuer. Guam is one of the Ladrones, an island group 
east of the Philippines. 

160. How did the United States get possession of 
Guam ? 

Answer. At the close of the war with Spain, Guam be- 
came a possession of the United States. 

161. What is the social condition of the natives of the 
Fiji Islands? 

Answer. The Fiji Islands are about 1,200 miles due 
north from New Zealand. The natives are a copper col- 
ored race, tall and robust, with regular, expressive features. 
They are believed to be the finest specimens, intellectually 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 



6S 



and physically, of the dark races of the islands of the 
Pacific. They were formerly cannibals but this practice 
does not now exist among them. They build good houses 
and are skillful in the construction and use of canoes. 
They manufacture pottery and cloth. 

162. Name the principal food plants that thrive on 
the islands in the Pacific Ocean. 

Answer. Breadfruit, yam, sweet potato, cocoa palm, 
tea, and sugar cane. 

163. Where are the chief sources of tin? 

Answer. The principal sources of tin are the Straits 
Settlements. The Islands of Banka and Billiton, of the 
Dutch East Indies, yield large quantities which are 
shipped to Holland, and then sold to other countries. 
New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania are sources of 
supply for England. 

164. Summarize islands, cities and mineral resources 
of the Philippines. 

Answer. The summary is arranged in columns. 



Island 


Cities 


Mineral Resources 


Luzon 


Manila, Lipa, 
Batangas 


Coal, gold, copper 


Mindanao. 


Zamboanga 


Coal, gold, copper 


Samar 


Catbalogan 


Coal, gold 


Negros 


Bacolor 


Coal 


Panay 


Iloilo 


Coal, gold, 
petroleum 


Leyte 


Tacloban 


Coal, petroleum 


Mindoro 


Calapan 


Coal, gold 


Cebu 


Cebu 


Coal, petroleum, 
gold 



64 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 

165. What New 2^aland plant has a distinctive place 
in commerce? 

Answer. "New Zealand flax, now called New Zealand 
hemp, since the fibre is much better adapted to the pur- 
poses of hemp fibre than to those of flax fibre. In this 
ease the fibre is derived from the leaves, which are long 
and narrow like those of the yellow flag or iris. The 
plant grows very abundantly in New Zealand and is very 
easily cultivated, and as the leaves can be cut thrice a 
year without destroying the plant, it might be expected 
that the supply of the fibre would be plentiful. But the 
use of the fibre in manufactures is impeded by the diffi- 
culty in freeing it from a gum by which it is invested. 
Hence, excellent as the fibre is when prepared, the total 
amount exported from New Zealand and used in native 
manufactures is quite insignificant compared with the 
corresponding amounts of hemp and Manila hemp in the 
countries of their production.'^ 

166. To what extent is fishing carried on as an in- 
dustry ? 

Answer. Of the fisheries in Asiatic and Australian 
waters, the only ones that need to be mentioned are the 
fi^sheries of Japan, and those of trepang in tropical seas. 
The waters surrounding the island of Hokushu in the 
north of Japan abound in salmon, cod, herring, and other 
food-fishes, the catching of which forms the principal in- 
dustry of the inhabitants. Trepang, also known in com- 
merce by the French name of heche de mer, is a kind of 
sea-€ucumber, which is a favorite article of food with 
the Chinese, and is extensively fished for the Chinese mar- 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 65 

ket on all the coasts of the Eastern Archipelago, on those 
of New Griiinea and northern Australia, and round many 
of the tropical islands of the Pacific. It is likewise ex- 
ported from China to distant countries in which Chinese 
are settled. 



CHAPTEE IX 

EEVIEW QUESTIONS WITHOUT ANSWEKS 

167. Locate Australia with reference to 

1. Asia. 

2. Continents. 

3. Hemisphere. 

4. Zones. 

168. Name the continents in order of size. 

169. Australia has regular coast line. Name two 
©ther continents with regular coasts, and two with in- 
dented coasts. 

170. Draw outline of coast of Australia and write 
names of five indentations. 

171. Name and locate four capes. 

172. Locate the principal mountain ranges. 

173. The surface of Australia. Write brief answers 
here. 

1. Australia has slopes: 

2. The Dividing Eange runs and 



3. The central part is an extensive 
The principal river basin is 



Its principal branches are and . 

5. Two rivers flowing north are and 



66 



REVIEW QUEiSTIONS 67 

174. Define e«tuary. 

175. Locate Lake Eyre. What Lake in the United 
States is similar to Lake Eyre? 

176. Climate of Australia. 

1. Zones. 

2. Prevailing winds. 

3. Rainfall. 

4. Deserts. 

5. Why healthful? 

177. Tell how the ocean currents affect the climate. 

178. Briefly describe the Bushmen. 

179. The vegetation of Australia. 

L Describe tropical vegetation. 

2. Describe arid vegetation. 

3. Name five trees. 

4. The grasses. 

5. Tell how two plants adapted themselves to the 
conditions of climate. 

180. Name the seasons in Australia. 

181. When United States is having summer, what sea- 
son in South Australia? 

182. "What is meant by the Commonwealth of Au- 
stralia? What does the word commonwealth mean? How 
is the word formed? W^e speak of the Commonwealth of 
Massachusetts. Is your state a commonwealth? 

183. Name, with capital of each, the six divisions or 
states of Australia. 



68 REVIEW QUESTIONS 

184. Eanching is classed as a chief occupation. 

1. Wliat is the meaning of ranching? From what 
word is ranching derived? Is ranching a primitive 
word^ a derivative word, or a compound word? 

2. What three animals are raised for export? 

3. What political divisions are noted for grazing? 
Why? 

185. What does marsupial mean? !N"ame one marsu- 
pial in America and two marsupials in Australia. 

186. Make a list of ten wild animals in Australia. 
Which are useful to man and which are harmful? 

187. The mineral resources. List five and tell how 
each has aided the development of the respective section 
or state. 

188. "Refrigeration has stimulated the commerce of 
Australia.'' 

1. What is the meaning of this declarative sen- 
tence ? 

2. Prove or disprove the statement. 

189. Make a list of five exports. 

190. What imports does Australia need? Why? 

191. In speaking of exports and imports, you thought 
of agricu.lture. Write on this occupation in Queensland, 
New South Wales, and Victoria. 

192. The shipping ports must be known. Start with 
Queensland and write in two columns the ports and the 
products of Australia. Are there ten important ports? 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 69 

193. Name five cities which are not ports, and tell 
why each city is important. 

194. Transportation by water is cheaper than trans- 
portation by land. 

1. What river system is used for transportation? 

2. Which is the best natural harbor? Name two 
other good harbors. 

3. Which harbor was deepened for large ocean 
steamers ? 

4. Show why numerous coral islands are a hin- 
drance in navigation. 

195. Locate the Great Barrier Eeef. Is it an aid or 
a hindrance to commerce of eastern Australia? Why? 

196. Irrigation aids agriculture. In what province is 
irrigation by artesian wells used? Describe the vast ir- 
rigation by rivers in Victoria. 

197. Show how irrigation aids ranching, mining, com- 
merce, and general welfare. 

198. Internal improvements include railroads, electric 
roads, canals, and other means of developing natural re- 
sources. Tell what advancement Australia has made in 
(a) railroads, (b) street ears for city service. 

199. Manufacturing is developing. What are the 
products ? 

"200. The people of Australia should make progress 
similar to the progress in Canada and United States. 
Give five reasons. 

201. Is Australia a democracy? Prove your answer. 

202. Sketch a map showing divisions, cities, products. 



70 REVIEW QUESTIONS 

NEW ZEALAND 

203. Locate New Zealand with reference to 

1. Australia. 

2. Latitude and longitude. 

3. Surrounding waters. 

204. How does New Zealand compare in size with New 
York State? 

205. Describe the coast line of New Zealand. 
20i6. Name two large islands of this group. 

207. Give a short account of the Maoris. 

208. By what means are the people of New Zealand 
governed ? 

209. List five occupations. 

210. Ten exports. 

211. Five imports. 

212. Four cities. 

213. Why are the people considered among the most 
progressive in the world? 

214. What ports on our western coast have steamsliip 
connection with New Zealand? What products might be 
taken from this country and what products might be taken 
ffom New Zealand? 

215. Tell use of each of the following : 

1. New Zealand hemp. 

2. Kauri gum. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 71 

FIJI ISLANDS 

216. Locate the Fiji Islands with reference to 

1. Australia. 

2. Surrounding waters. 

217. Describe the surface of these islands. 

218. To whom do these islands belong? 
What are the products? 

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS 

219. Locate the Hawaiian Islands with reference to 

1. Australia. 

2. North America. 

220. Compare in size with New York State. 
221 Name two islands of this group. 

222. What are the occupations? 

223. Soil and climate favor vegetation. Enumerate 
t€n products that are valuable in commerce. 

224. Honolulu is among the most desirable residential 
places in the world. Give reasons sustained by latitude, 
longitude, ocean environment, and trade facilities. 

225. Describe the form of government. 

226. Make a sketch map showing Seattle, San Fran- 
cisco, Manila, Hawaii, Tutuila. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 

227. Give a brief history of these Islands. Name three 
principal islands. 



T2 REVIEW QUESTIONS 

228. In what direction from this school are the Philip- 
pine Islands? 

229. Point toward Manila. 

230. Peoducts. Write after each topic the facts you 
think a pnpil in your class should know. 

1. Minerals. 

2. Agricultural products. 

3. Tobacco. 

4. Woods. 

5. Exports. 

231. "Make the world safe for democracy," 

Tell briefly what United States has done for education 
and government in the Philippine Islands. 

EAST INDIES 

232. By what nations controlled? 

233. Name five islands commerically important. 

234. Write a composition of not more than two hun- 
dred words on The Dutch East Indies.. 

THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN 

235. Point toward Guam. 

236. Ownership or co7itrol. Write name of nation 
after each. 

1. Guam. 

2. Marshall Islands. 

3. New Hebrides. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 73 



4. 


Mindanao. 


5. 


N'ew Zealand. 


6. 


Bismarck Archipelago. 


7. 


Solomon Islands. 


8. 


Loyalty Islands. 


9. 


Fiji Islands. 


10. 


Wake Island. 


11. 


Sumatra and Celebes. 


12. 


Hawaiian Islands. 


13. 


Samoan Islands. 


14. 


Borneo. 


15. 


Luzon. 


16. 


New G-ninea. 


17. 


Java. 


18. 


[N'ew Zealand. 


19. 


Molucca or Spice Islands. 


20. 


Tasmania. 


237. Location of cities. 


1. 


Batavia. 


2. 


Honolulu. 


3. 


Apia. 


4. 


Dunedin. 


5. 


Hobart. 


6. 


Manila. 


7. 


Perth. 


8. 


Pago Pago. 


9. 


Christchurch. 


10. 


Port Moresby. 


11. 


Macassar. 


12. 


Brisbane. 



74 REVIEW QUESTION^ 



13. 


Sandakan. 


14. 


Launceston. 


15. 


Wellington. 


16. 


Melbourne. 


17. 


Auckland. 


18. 


Seattle. 


19. 


Adelaide. 


20. 


Sydney. 


238. ; 


Straits. Describe each by telling what is con 


nected and what is separated. 


1. 


Bass. 


2. 


Cook. 


3. 


Sunda. 


4. 


Torres. 


5. 


Macassar, 


6. 


Malacca. 


7. 


Foveau. 


239. Association with source or place of production. 


1. 


Trepang. 


2. 


Yam. 


3. 


Taro. 


4. 


Banana. 


5. 


Bread fruit. 


6. 


Tobacco. 


7. 


Cofiee. 


8. 


Spices. 


9. 


Wine. 


10. 


Fruits. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS 75 

240. Minerals. N'ame chief sources. 

1. Tin. 

2. Gold. 

3. Copper. 
• 4. Coal. 

5. Silver. 

241. Seas. Location. 

1. Arafura. 

2. Celebes. 

3. Coral. 

4. Java. 

5. Tasman. 

242. Birds. Where found? 

1. Emu. 

2. Paradise. 

3. Cassowary. 

4. Brush turkey. 

5. Lyre bird. 

6. Apteryx. 

243. Meaning of words. Bight, atoll, reef, protectorate, 
plumage, irrigation, artesian, boomerang, eucalyptus, 
saline. 

244. How many miles from New York to San Fran- 
cisco? From San Francisco to Manila? 

245. Does the Congress of the United States have rep- 
resentatives from Hawaiian Islands and Philippine 
Islands ? 

246. Draw a line to represent the latitude of Honolulu 
and extend it across the map of United States. How 



76 REVIEW QUESTIONS 

many degrees between this line and the line representing 
the latitude of your school? 

247. Sketch a map showing ten island groups in the 
Pacific Ocean. 

248. J^ame ten Pacific ports you would like to visit, 
and mention one interesting product you would bring back 
from each port. 

249. What city is the capital of Tasmania? 

250. Name five nations that own or otherwise control 
groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, and designate the 
leading possessions of each. 

Answer. UUiited 'States, Prance, Germany, Holland;, 
Great Britain. 

United States. Hawaiian Islands, Tutuila of the 
Samoan Islands, Guam, Midway Island, Wake Island, 
Philippine Islands. 

Prance. New Caledonia, part of New Hebrides, So- 
ciety Islands. 

Germany. Northeastern part of New Guinea known 
as Kaiser Wilhelm's Land, New Britain, New Mecklen- 
burg, the Admiralty group, part of the group of Solomon 
Islands, Savaii and Upola of the Samoan Islands, Pelew, 
Caroline and Marshall Islands, Ladrone Islands. 

Holland. Borneo, Celebes, Sumatra, Java, Spice 
Islands. 

Great Britain. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, 
southeastern part of New Guinea, part of the group of 
Solomon Islands, Fiji Islands, part of New Hebrides 
Islands, Tonga. 




HENRY I. CAIN A SON 

Incorporated 

3 5 Vesey Street, New York City 



